Owned Enterprise under China as a Centrally Planned Economy

China is a global contender for superpower status. The position China occupies in the second decade of the twenty first century is remarkable. Less than a century ago, China was emerging from a feudal past. The country lacked economic and political stability. In its history, the transition of one dynasty to another was Darwinian.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Owned Enterprise under China as a Centrally Planned Economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Whenever the ruling dynasty became weak, a rebellion took place and a new dynasty rose power. Throughout its history, China has gone through periods of unification and periods of disintegration. The current socioeconomic profile of the country is a reflection of its rich cultural heritage. It is a consequence of the decisions taken by various leaders of the country across time. The study of the First Lathe Factory of Beijing took place during the reign of Mao. The study, which took place in 1961 by Ma Hong, became public in 1980. It is a very insightful view into the working of the centrally planned economy at the time in history. This is because no scientific literature exists regarding the actual outcomes of the management initiatives undertaken by the Chinese government in the period. The information available refers to plans and self-reported results from the operations of industries. The report by Ma Hong gives a unique view to the dynamics that governed the operations of the First Lathe Factory of Beijing. Since the rules the factory operated under were the same for the entire economy, the findings are valid as a generalized review of the Chinese economy at the time. This paper explores the operations of a centrally planned economy based on the report provided by Ma Hong concerning the First Lathe Factory of Beijing. The paper will put the operations of the factory in historical context in view of Mao’s economic policies. It will also explore the general nature of centrally planned economies, as a basis for the analysis of the operations of the First Lathe Factory of Beijing. Historical Context To understand the importance of the analysis provided in this paper, it is essential to put into historical context the First Lathe Factory of Beijing. The actual factors at play in the factory’s operations reflected the unique cultural history of the Chinese people and political realities of the time. Philosophically, the most influential thinker in Chinese history is Confucius. Confucianism is still predominant in the thinking of modern day China. His enduring legacy is the codification of Chinese ethics. This thinker still serves a unifying personality in the Chinese society.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The events of the first half of the twentieth century also provided context for the operation s of the factory. China did not have an effective central government during this period. Warlords led the country, with a few personalities trying to unify it. The result was persistent war and vulnerability to attacks by foreigners. Mao rose to power in 1949 as the leader of the People’s Republic of China. For almost fifty years prior to Mao’s rule, China went through internal wars and international conflicts. No leader had found success in unifying China. When Mao rose to power, he succeeded in quelling all internal rebellion and ending most external wars. Thereafter, he only fought in wars which China had a realistic chance of winning. Mao’s rise to power came at a time when the Chinese people needed a unifying leader. They wanted someone with the capacity to bring together the entire Chinese people. No leader had succeeded in this effort in almost one century. Therefore, when Mao started establishing communist rule in China, he did not find credible resistan ce. After all, other leaders had had the opportunity to resolve China’s internal problems to no avail. The Chinese people were willing to risk a socialist approach to government. Mao became very powerful because of his popularity as a politician, and his reputation as a strong military leader. The Great Leap Forward Mao attempted to industrialize China rapidly starting in 1958 to 1961 in a program known as the Great Leap Forward. The basis for the Great Leap Forward was to exert greater control over production in China in order to have rapid and coordinated economic growth. Mao believed that this would increase the productivity of the Chinese economy. If Mao was right in theory, he was wrong in practice. However, literature suggests that he was also wrong in theory. At the time, China was not yet a communist state. Therefore, China had a mixed system of capitalist operations with socialist undertones. When Mao started implementing the Great Leap Forward, he upset the traditio nal economy of China. For instance, Mao’s government outlawed private farming. While the intention of this move was to aggregate Chinese agricultural production to allow for greater control, the result was that the country’s food production fell. In fact, the entire Chinese economy faltered during the three years of the Great Leap Forward. The country experienced negative growth in its economy.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Owned Enterprise under China as a Centrally Planned Economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the industrial sector, the government started institution controls relating to the flow of goods and services. Initially, factories sought their own raw materials and found markets for their finished products. During the Great Leap Forward, the government started controlling the flow of raw materials and the rate of production. Government statisticians calculated the required levels of growth and implemented measures aimed at delivering the products needed to support the required levels of growth. The assumption was that if China can sustain a certain level of production, then it would be able to grow economically in order to catch up with the developed world. This large-scale control of raw materials and labor led to serious inefficiencies in the Chinese economy. Raw materials did not move freely. The controls also usurped market forces leading to supply and demand distortions. The Nature of Centrally Planned Economies Centrally planned economies such as the one in operation in China in 1961 have several characteristics. The main feature of centrally planned economies is the control of the flow of raw materials, labor, and markets. The central authorities allocate raw materials to all manufacturers and monitor the distribution of the materials. The allocation of raw material is in tandem with the production quota given to each manufacturer. The central author ity also determines how many people the manufacturer can employ. This way, the authority controls the movement of labor across various sectors. If there is excess production, the central authority approves the exportation of the surplus products. The quantity of products manufactured in a centrally planned economy is not demand driven. The central authority uses historical data and trend analysis to determine the optimum level of production to meet the demand. However, meeting the demand here does not connote a reliance of the forces of demand and supply. The production quotas reflect the desired level of economic productivity. For instance, if the central authority wants the economy to grow by 5%, it makes projections regarding the required levels of productivity to meet this demand. It then passes on these quotas to manufactures.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One problem associated with centrally planned economies is that the policies developed do not conform to demand and supply patterns. This can lead to overproduction or underproduction of goods and services. Secondly, planned economies tend to stifle entrepreneurship. There is no incentive to improve products because there is no reward for quality. Control also affects profit margins and kills initiative in the part of manufacturers. A benefit that can accrue from a planned economy is that it can help a country to overcome specific challenges such as food production. It is also a good approach to use in the establishment of an industry. The risks of establishing a new industry are usually very high. Therefore, central control can ensure that the outcomes are more predictable. The third advantage of central planning is that it can help in the rapid development of an industry. When left on their own, industries grow slowly based on economic realities, competitive advantage, and the tim e it takes to establishment a market. Central control can help to create the requisite conditions for the success of an industry much faster than organic growth. The First Lathe Factory of Beijing The First Lathe Factory of Beijing was the amalgamation of three companies. The three companies combined to form one of the largest factories in Beijing. It produced industrial machines. From its name, it is clear that its main products were lathe machines. However, the company had a long list of industrial machines it its product catalogues. In addition, it provided repair and maintenance services for its clients in various parts of China. The company mass-produced many machines, but it also handled individual orders. At its peak, the company was one of the largest employers in Beijing. The administrative structure of the company evolved to reflect the changes in the Chinese political landscape. The administration of the factory during the Great Leap Forward consisted of the factory admin istrators running the operations of the factory and power brokers in the power structure of the communist party. In fact, as the government increased its control over the affairs of industries in China, the company experienced power struggles. The management was not sure how much of its administrative duties were in violation of the edicts of the communist party. As such, there was tension at all times between the industry administrators and party leaders. The factory was initially under the First Ministry of Machine Building, but it ceded control to the Government of the Municipality of Beijing. The managers of the factory were generally in charge of administrative decisions such as scheduling of work, allocating houses for the workers and ordering of materials. The political leaders of the communist party developed the production quotas needed to meet the economic objectives of the country. Party officials had a lot of say on matters like the people who would hold offices in the f actory and the overall economic objectives the factory needed to fulfill. Government officials on the other hand implemented the policies developed by the party. The operations of the factory before the rise of Mao were capitalist in nature. The three companies that eventually became the First Lathe Factory of Beijing had international investors in their shareholders list. One of the companies received start up funds from American investors. The financing for the second firm came from Chinese investors, while the third one was a government project. The tumultuous period that ended in 1949 also happens to be the time when the country made the most effort towards achieving a political democracy. As such, the country’s economy as at 1949 had strong elements of capitalism. After the rise of Mao, the Chinese government started tightening controls over many sectors. The Great Leap Forward came with an increase in the controls exerted over companies operating in China. The First Lat he Factory of Beijing was no exception. During the Great Leap Forward, the factory received production quotas from the party. There were controls relating to the raw materials it could use the number of people it could employ and the markets it could sell its products. Getting raw materials became difficult with time. Irons smelters sold iron directly to the government. The government warehouses distributed the iron to factories. In theory, this was supposed to help to optimize the resources of the country. The result was that factories did not receive the raw materials they needed in time. The companies started sending several people to the government warehouses to negotiate for raw materials. Things worsened because of government red tape that made the process of acquiring raw materials very lengthy. The inefficiencies introduced by the restriction of raw materials led to huge economic losses. Lack of access to markets also made Chinese manufacturers uncompetitive because it was i mpossible for them to determine what the customers wanted. One of the fundamental problems associated with the quota system is that because of the reliance on the factories to provide production data, the factory officials had no option but to lie about their production patterns and capacity to cover for the poor decisions made by government officials. After the failure of the Great Leap Forward, Mao orchestrated the Cultural Revolution that lasted from 1966 to 1976. During this period, Mao institutionalized government control over all factors of production, in the direction of a pure communist state. The main problems that are of interest to business management in the operations of the First Lathe Factory of Beijing during the Great Leap Forward are the role of government in business, and the choice between supply-driven and demand-driven management models. The case of the First Lathe Factory of Beijing demonstrated that the successful involvement of government in the running of bu sinesses depends on the level of autonomy given to the factory administrator. The involvement of the government in the affairs of the factory took away its capacity to negotiate with suppliers and to respond to consumer demand. The government ought to remain as a regulator. The pursuit of policy for development should encourage industries to innovate and to become competitive because this guarantees long-term stability. China is still fighting to redeem its image because of the reputation it acquired as a manufacturer of poor quality products. Japan on the other hand is a respected producer of high quality products. The Japanese manufacturing industry developed the Kaizen systems to increase the operational efficiency of manufacturing facilities, and to improve the quality of the products sent to the market. Such a philosophy could not emerge if the Japanese government made the same decisions as the Chinese rulers in 1961. The second fundamental issue to business management is that the forces of demand and supply are more reliable than policy pronouncements regarding demand. Demand cannot emanate from policy pronouncements. Manufacturing lathes for a country that does not need them will not create a demand for lathe machines. Rather, demand for lathe machines should guide the production quotas of lathe machines. In all businesses, demand ought to be the guide and not supply. Demand is dynamic, and it is best to leave individual factories to gauge demand and to respond to consumer needs. It is impossible to control resources and labor at factory level from the level of the central government. Conclusions The creation of state owned enterprises took place by nationalization of existing industries, and merging of small entities into larger ones. When Mao took power, he sought to reform the Chinese economy. He relied on Marxist philosophies and decided against open capitalism. He merged smaller industries to create larger ones, and in the process nationalized indu stries. The government started demanding that factories conform to the party position in economic matters, and went as far as deciding on the levels of labor for use in a factory. The government also decided on the appropriate production quotas of each factory based in party economic goals and not based on market conditions. Thirdly, the government controlled the distribution of products manufactured in the country. The Organization and operation of Chinas state owned enterprises led to the disastrous consequences of the Great Leap Forward. China lost its competitive edge because of the party’s focus on production as opposed to the financial performance of companies. Presently, the country is struggling to overcome the consequences of the poor reputation it developed in the international market as a producer of low quality products. Governments should never micromanage any industry because of lack of expertise, and the emergence of unintended consequences. The experts in the operations of a factory are the workers in that factory. Making decisions regarding the level of staffing and production on behalf of the factory cannot lead to growth. It robs the factory of the opportunity to innovate, to find new markets for its products, and to remain competitive in the international market. Finally, the organizational structure used to manage the Chinese economy show that bureaucratic approaches to economic issues can stifle growth. There were three levels of management of the industries in China. First, the party developed laws and economic policies. Secondly, government official enforces these policies according to the guidance of the party. Thirdly, the management teams from the factories exercised operational control over the factories. These managers had very little space to make strategic decisions because of the policy declarations of the party. Works Cited Bartlett, Christopher A and Arar Han. Levendary Cafe: The China Challenge. Boston, MA: Havard Busi ness School Publishing, 2011. Print. Bramall, C. Chinese Economic Development. New York: Routledge, 2009.Print. Chow, Gregory C. China’s Economic Transformation. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2007. Print. —. Chinese Economy. Teaneck, NJ: World Scientific, 1987.Print Dube, Line, Carmen Berner and Vital Roy. â€Å"Taking on the Challenge of IT Management in a Global Business Context: The Alcan Case – Part A.† International Journal of Case Studies in Management 7.2 (2009): 1-13. Print. East Asia Quarterly. â€Å"Are China’s Multinational Corporations Really Multinational?† East Asia Quarterly April-June 2012. Print Goldman, Geoff and Celile Nieuwenhuizen. Strategy: Sustaining Competitive Advantage in a Globalised Context. Cape Town: Juta and Co Ltd, 2006. Print. Lavigne, M. The Economics of Transition: From Socialist Economy to Market Economy. New York: St. Martin Press, 1999. Print Mongay, Jorge. Business and Investments in Asia. Madrid: ESIC Editorial, 2011. Print Zhu, Zhiqun. China’s New Diplomacy: Rationale, Strategies and Significance. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing, 2010. Print This essay on Owned Enterprise under China as a Centrally Planned Economy was written and submitted by user Nancy Lindsay to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Four Seasons Essays

The Four Seasons Essays The Four Seasons Essay The Four Seasons Essay Look at the structure of each poem as well as its use of language, and show how the poems not only describe the seasons but also convey its mood. As you write indicate your response to the words and ideas in the poems, and at the end say which poem you prefer, giving your reasons. I am going to tell you about three different poems I have chosen which I feel best portray the seasons. I have chosen Spring by G. M Hopkins, To Autumn by John Keats and Skating from The Prelude by William Wordsworth. The poem Spring by G. M Hopkins is a very happy and joyful poem and full of life. In the very first line, Hopkins refers to Spring as the most attractive season of them all, telling us: Nothing is so beautiful as Spring (Line 1). He carries on creating a buoyant and cheerful atmosphere by using words and phrases such as the alliterative phrases long and lovely and lush (Line 2) and With richness, the racing lambs too have fair their fling (Line 8). In the first stanza, Hopkins uses imagery with phrases such as weeds in wheels (Line 2) and The glassy pear tree leaves and blooms (Line 6), which gives the reader pictures of Springtime. The image of The descending blue; that blue is all in a rush (Line 7), gives the impression of being wrapped in a mixture of happy feelings and the promise of summer to come. The poem is very continuous and uses many enjambments so that the poem can be kept at a fast flowing speed for the reader. For example Through the echoing timbre does so rinse and wring / The ear, it strikes like lighting to hear him sing (Line 4 / 5). When Hopkins starts his second verse he writes this alliterative question What is all this juice and all this joy? (Line 9). This can be interpreted as the juice being all the new life of both animals and plants, thrushs eggs (Line 3) and racing lambs (Line 8), and the joy is in being able to see all these events happen and being part of the experience. Hopkins uses the Garden of Eden to talk about the newness and innocence of this season. He writes In Eden garden Have, get, before it cloy, / Before it cloud, Christ, lord and sour with sinning / Innocent Minds and Mayday in girl and boy (Line 11 / 12 / 13), suggesting that Spring has a purity that the later seasons lack. He supports the use of springs innocence by using the maids child towards the end of the play Most, O maids child, thy choice and worthy the winning. The Autumn Poem by John Keats is a very famous poem, written in 1819, two years before he died. The poem is written in three stanzas and he has written the poem so that at the beginning it is describing the start of autumn, progressing through the poem until autumn is turning into winter. Keats begins the poem with alliterative phrases like mists of mellow fruitfulness (Line 1), using soft consonants and extended vowels to give an atmosphere of relaxation and calmness. He uses the metaphor Close blossom-friend of the maturing sun (Line 2), to produce an image of fruitfulness and fertility. The phrase Conspiring with him how to load and bless (Line 3) makes it seem like Autumn and the Sun are human and almost God-like. He talks about all the fruit being as ripe as they are ever going to be, all the way to the core (Line 6) while the trees bend with apples (Line 5). He talks about the animals and especially the bees and says And still more, later flowers for the bees, / until they think warm days will never cease (Line 9 / 10). Keats is saying that the bees are not aware that winter is coming so they stay out still looking for more flowers. In the second stanza he talks about the main part of autumn, describing autumn as if it was a person, starting the stanza with Who hath not seen thee oft amid thy store? (Line 12). He gives the reader many images of autumn being a restful time, slowing down as winter approaches, using phrases such as sitting careless on a granary floor (Line 14) and on a half reapd furrow sound asleep (Line 16). He uses many restful alliterative words such as winnowing wind (Line 15) and the phrase Thou watchest the last oozing hours by hours (Line 22) also feels like life is slowing down. Even though he talks about this time being easy and lazy it is a very difficult and busy time for farmers, however this is not stated in the poem. Keats writes what is idealistic for him. He has again used lots of long vowels to create heaviness and slowness in the poem with phrases such as Drowsed with the fume of poppies (Line 17) to suggest sleepiness. In the final stanza he talks about the end of autumn and the beginning of winter, talking about regret, where are the songs of Spring? (Line 23). Keats also gives the reader images of the autumn evenings, soft-dying day (Line 25) and also rosy hue (Line 26) which means the setting sun, which is in contrast to the mature sun of the first stanza. Keats describes images of death using words and phrases such as mourn (Line 27), sinking (Line 29) and also the light wind lives or dies (Line 29) because it is the end of the summer. He uses many musical terms throughout the last stanza, such as wailful choir (Line 27), full-grown lambs loud bleat from hilly bourn (Line 30), hedge crickets sing (Line 31) and now with treble soft / The red-breast whistles (Line 31 / 32). They are all however very soft sounds, unlike Hopkins Spring which was all bustling and noisy. Keats describes a robin in the poem which suggests images of the forthcoming winter, and he talks about full-grown lambs, which suggests that the cycle of the year from when they were born in spring to their full grown state in autumn is complete. In general, throughout the poem he uses few full stops making very extended sentences. This keeps the poem very lethargic, lazy and restful. The pace is kept very slow and he does this by using many caesurae.

Aer Lingus

Aer Lingus is the national airline of Ireland. It is headquartered at Dublin Airport, Ireland. †¢The airline operates 43 aircraft and carries on average 10 million passengers per annum. †¢The airlines primary mission is to connect Ireland with the world and the world to Ireland by offering its customers the best product in the Irish airline market at a competitive price. The airline’s primary markets are Ireland, the United Kingdom, Europe and the United States. The Irish people typically undertake several overseas flights a year. This is partly driven by Ireland’s status as an island nation but also reflects the inherent propensity among the Irish to travel to visit overseas destinations. tgp2012 1 Marketing orientation Marketing orientation In 2001 after the 9/11 effect on the airline industry Aer Lingus introduces their first model of low fares to compete with other low fare In 2001 after the 9/11 effect on the airline industry Aer Lingus introduces their first model of low fares to compete with other low fare airlines. The airline was close to bankruptcy and they had to find new waysairlines. how to keep the company afloat. They carried out numerous to see The airline was close tosurveys within the industry to find new what was needed/wantedtheorder to prosper. They carried out numerous bankruptcy and they had to identify ways to see how to keep in company afloat. So after the initial surveys they lowered their fares and altered/removed/added new destinations. Since prosper. ompany’s marketing surveys within the industry to identify what was needed/wanted in order to then the So after the initial surveys they loweredupdated/upgraded many times putting the customer in theSince then the company’s marketing orientation has been their fares and altered/removed/added new destinations. driving seat. orientation has been updated/upgraded many times putting the customer in the driving seat. Marketing mix Marketing mix

GDP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

GDP - Essay Example increases real GDP demanded, and an increase in net taxes decreases real GDP demanded, other things remain constant. 4) Give short definitions of both the IS and LM curves and briefly explain how this model can help economists understand the interaction between the goods and money markets. Show how the IS and LM curves can be derived and explain how equilibrium is reached. The IS curve describes the combination of interest rates and output that clear the goods and services market in the short run. The goods and services market is said to clear when spending by consumers, firms, the government (and foreigners if an open economy) on goods and services equals the production of goods and services. The basic equation for the IS curve in a closed economy is closely related to the national income accounting identity Y = C+I+G, where Y is GDP The LM curve summarizes all the combinations of income and interest rates that equate money demand and money supply. The LM curve in conjunction with the IS curve will help pin down the interest rate in the economy. It is well known that establishing the elasticity of the IS and LM curves provides basic information about the predicted outcome of fiscal and monetary policies in a given model, with a combination of inelastic LM and elastic IS implying fiscal crowding out and potent monetary policy, whereas elastic LM and inelastic IS lead to potent fiscal and weak monetary effects. Estimation of these locuses 5) Distinguish between monetary base and broad money. Explain what role commercial banks have in the creation of broad money. What implications does this have for monetary control The monetary base consists of the liabilities of central bank of a country which...Show how the IS and LM curves can be derived and explain how equilibrium is reached. 6) Distinguish between different kinds of unemployment. What kind of unemployment can be reduced by supply side policies and what specifically could those policies be Use a diagram to explain these policies 1) Using the Keynesian model of injections and withdrawals in the goods market, explain what happens if people decides to save more at any level of income. Make sure you express the process of adjustment and assess what implications the results may have for policy.

Developing Mathematic Thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Developing Mathematic Thinking - Essay Example How many has he left" may prove more difficult for some beginning students than calculating 5 - 3. Another way to categorise questions is according to the level of thinking they are likely to stimulate, using a hierarchy such as Bloom's taxonomy (Bloom, 1956). Bloom classified thinking into six levels: Memory (the least rigorous), Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis and Evaluation (requiring the highest level of thinking). Sanders (1966) separated the Comprehension level into two categories, Translation and Interpretation, to create a seven level taxonomy which is quite useful in mathematics. As you will see as you read through the summary below, this hierarchy is compatible with the four categories of questions already discussed. The teacher used other students to tackle mathematics hence building confidence in them as this gauges the students' confidence and competence with mathematics tasks. With is kind of an evidence, it is used by the teachers to provide the students with feedback on learning and in turn determine the way students are performing in relation to the outcome.3 The teacher gave a complex sum without developing skills about how to tackle such problems. The teacher ought to have used the mental strategy where he would have asked the student to solve addition or subtraction problems

Child Poverty Essay Example for Free

Child Poverty Essay Child poverty is one of the major problems today. Poverty can affect anyone but children are most affected. Poverty in children has become big social problem. Poverty is not having enough for needs. Not having enough can bring many concerns. Poverty is long lasting effect and can leave permanent mark on Childs behavior. Poverty can impact children’s performance in school and poverty can bring many health issues. Many children are born in poor family where their family members lack at providing enough for their children. Many children in poor family suffer from hunger and not having enough nutrition. As mansion in Gregory’s essay â€Å"shame† Richard was not able to focus in school because he was suffering from hunger, and teacher thought he was not smart and they never bother to find out, but the truth was he was just hungry because he was poor and wasent able to provide enough food. Poverty can also cause huge impact on Childs performance. While parents are busy trying to make living they cannot provide enough motivational help to their children while some children have to go to work instead of study because lack of money in family. In the essay â€Å"shame† Gregory describes how Richard had to work hard and polish shoes to make little amount of money. Early labor and not having enough help in their academic progress impact on children’s growth and development of child. Withought proper education child lacks at proper understanding of our society. Poverty also brings many health concerns in children. Because of parents cannot provide enough material. Many children born in poor family are often exposed to miner diseases that may prove fatal. In some poor family where parents always drinking problem, children always learn from their parents and adopt their aggressive behavior, drinking problem or drug abuse. These can also lead in fatal health issue in children. Parents always seem to forget â€Å"what we do. They do. † In the essay â€Å"shame† Gregory talks about how Richard did not learn about hate and shame until he went to school. Poverty is one of the most evil situations we have in our society. And it can transform our children’s entire personality and affect our neighborhood and future. we have to work together to ensure bright and healthy future.

john kerry :: essays research papers

John Forbes Kerry is the candidate I would chose in the up in coming election. Some of the issues that would decide my vote are environment, the economy, homeland security, social issues, and Iraq. I would also vote for John Kerry because he has done good things for Massachusetts and I know he will do good things for this country. My last reason for voting for John Kerry is because he will bring our troops home safely. On November 2, 2004 I would vote for John Kerry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Forbes Kerry was born in Colorado on December 11, 1943 at Fitzsimons Army Hospital. John Kerry graduated from Yale University. He joined the Navy and became an officer during Vietnam. He was awarded both silver and bronze stars and 3 purple hearts for his heroic efforts. John Kerry went to law school at Boston College. He was elected lieutenant governor of Massachusetts in 1982. After he was elected senator of Massachusetts in 1984 followed by three more terms. John Kerry seems to be a perfect candidate for president. John Kerry supports the war in Iraq. John Kerry believes in having our allies join in with us. John Kerry says if elected he will boost international effort to secure peace. He also sates that he wants to improve social, economic, and political conditions in the Middle East. John Kerry believes he can restore International Policy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Kerry also believes in social issues. He supports a women’s right to an abortion. John Kerry opposes the death penalty. John Kerry will also appoint judges committed to law in the Supreme Court. Last, John Kerry will full fund the â€Å"No Child Left Behind† law. John Kerry really knows the views of the people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Kerry wants to make a better environment. John Kerry opposes oil exploration in the Artic refuge. John Kerry will push new gas requirements, hybrid cars, and the use of hydrogen fuel. John Kerry will set goals, incentives to reproduce dependence on fossil fuels. Finally, John Kerry promotes clean, renewable fuel sources. John Kerry is well concerned about the environment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   John Kerry also believes in a better Homeland. John Kerry is against labeling U.S. citizens as â€Å"enemy combatants.† John Kerry also wants to the speed up immigration process. Last, John Kerry wants to reform domestic intelligence. John Kerry will make this country a better place.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Kerry says he will stop raising taxes.

Demonstrate Ability to Write and Revise Effective

Aisha Bandon ENGL 302 Paper1 Tuesday,9/25/2012 SLO 1: Demonstrate ability to write and revise effective and persuasive communication for various purposes and audiences through various purposes and audiences though various course writing assignments. My assignment was a finance assignment about the price earnings ratio and earnings per share relation.We were supposed to give a brief explanation about those 2 concepts then select 3banks and compute earnings per share and price earnings ratio for each bank from the year 2000 to 2003,after that find the nature of the relationship between those 3 banks and give my comments on which bank is better off . For this assignment I used the formula learned in class to calculate what was asking in the assignment. It was very demanding and meticulous work because a single error in the calculation and my result will be affected as well as my conclusion.The instructor gave us 3weeks for this assignment but I used only 2days to work on it just before the due date. I used internet, and my notes from class to work on it . The day we supposed to submit it I was running out of ink and was completely stressed out. The assignment was Bobbo2 Technical with the calculation part and theorical at the end which asked me to put lot of efforts. In the light of the process described by Hinton I would definitely approach it differently.First of all I would start earlier to help me to make better researches and check twice or 3 times my final draft before submitting it(Hinton 20. ) Due to my procrastinating bad behavior I was completely panic when I was doing it. i think that detail wouldn’t allow me to present my knowledge and abilities about the topic. Then, I would reread, underlined, or highlighted the important features of the assignment or criteria(Hinton 21). I think I should also tried to know the purpose and my audience more while writing this assignment.Indeed, it helps to have an effective work, well organized and focused. Be cause there is nothing worse than going out of the topic for an assignment. I would emphasized in my critical thinking and analyticall skills more to give more reliability to my paper specially in my conclusion which I feel was very lame. My assignment didn’t have any citation which was really bad for a university student. I used internet and library to explain the two concepts asked but I didn’t mention it in the whole assignment. I would used an appropriate format to write it such as MLA format.I think that in the future I will apply this methodology because it’s very effective, its giving us student a map in how to write an assignment, and what the instructor expect from us. What most of us student forget all the time is to know your purpose and your audience(Hinton22. ) The instructor is our audience and we should always remember that while writing. As Corrine E. Hinton mentioned in her essay when she compared an formalized writing report to a restaurant men u, if a restaurant menu is listed the dessert up front, you might fight the design unfamiliar and the menu difficult to navigate (Hinton 30).That was a paragraph of the Bobbo3 essay that I found very relevant and useful. Using this guidelines for any other course in the future will be really benefit because it will help me to know how to hold any type of assignment wether it is an business writing assignment presentation analysis, or philosophy writing assignment or even a biology assignment. As we are oblige to take some general education courses in our cursus in university this will be very helpful for producing a simple,and understable peace of work.

“Night” by Elie Wiesel Essay

Elie Wiesel, a famed author and survivor of the Holocaust stated quite simply that anyone who witnessed a crime, and did nothing to stop it is just as guilty as the one committing it. Elie Wiesel learned a lot about man’s nature by surviving the Holocaust, but his statement about a bystander being just as guilty as the actual criminal is wrong. People are responsible for there own actions, and it is not fair to blame someone for a crime they did not commit, whether they could have done something to stop it or not. During the Holocaust there were over 6 million people persecuted, but there were many more silent bystanders who were unable to do anything because they feared for their lives. It is human nature to look after your own wellbeing and those closest to you, and many people felt if they tried to do something to stop the persecution of Jews it would endanger them in one way or another. In some cases somebody can witness a horrible atrocity, but have no power to stop it. Elie wrote in his book about how he and his fellow Jews were forced to watch the hanging of a young and innocent child by the S.S. The Jews that witnessed the hanging of the boy were all silent bystanders who, according to Elie, should be punished in the same manner that the executioner was. This shows how wrong Elie’s judgment is. The Jews were unable to do anything to help the boy for fear of their own lives, people cannot be blamed for their most fundamental and primitive instinct which is self preservation. Elie Wiesel experienced a lot of pain and suffering during the Holocaust, but the silent bystanders cannot be punished the same way the actual criminal is no matter what the circumstance is. If Elie truly believes that a silent bystander is just as guilty as a criminal, then that would mean that he is guilty of hanging a young innocent boy and deserves to be killed or sent to prison. Although it’s easy to see where Elie’s statement is coming from and why he chose to make it, it is clear that he made his statement more out of emotion than actual logic. I disagree with his judgment because silent bystanders do not always have the power to stop or intervene with the crime without endangering themselves.

Cancer - Smart Custom Writing Samples

Cancer - Smart Custom Writing Insanity DefenseExecutive summary The insanity plea should be eliminated for assisting criminals get away with murder as well as other serious felonies. Clever defendants have abused the very essence of the plea, thereby securing refuge from criminal punishment. Problems associated with the use of this plea include: difficulties in determining mental illness, differing opinions from psychiatrists concerning the sanity of the same subject, use of money to compromise psychiatrist’s conclusion in favor of the defendant, long time involved in the examination of one subject by psychiatrists thereby resulting to a delayed justice, artificial and crazy behavior by the subject during examination so as to influence the outcome of the examination, lack of scientific as well as an in-depth brain test to diagnose the patient, high cost when a forensic psychologist is involved, and lack of a trustworthy criteria for discharging such subjects from hospital.    Introduction Insanity defense is a strategy applied in law courts by mentally ill defendants to avoid being punished for crimes they committed on the assumption that they were incapable of distinguishing right from wrong at the time the crime was committed. They choose to do this so that instead of being granted jail term, they are given a psychiatric treatment. This concept dates back to the twelfth century although it has undergone some evolution. The original version of the plea didn’t intend to have the defendant found no guilty on the bases of inability to distinguish wrong from right but intended to have the defendant awarded a pardon or a way of mitigating the sentence. Its only in the nineteenth century that the argument of having the defendant acquitted on this basis arose. This paper will discuss the risks that come with the use of the plea and why it should be abolished. This plea has been widely abused by criminals to procure acquittal and that’s why its of interest to m e. Objectives The research seeks to identify the risks involved in the use of the insanity plea in the judicial system. Research methodology To achieve the desired research objectives, both primary and secondary sources of information were made use of. The primary sources included questionnaires given to professionals in the legal fraternity quite conversant with the concept and historians who are well versed with the genesis of the concept. The secondary source of information was basically library research targeting books and articles touching on the subject. Main body Continued use of this plea is the surest way to make the world itself insane and unpredictable. Imagine a suicide bomber who is caught on the verge of detonating the bomb and when taken to court, invokes this plea to procure acquittal (Pasewark 100). One major problem with insanity plea is the difficult involved in determining mental illness. What the proponents of this concept fail to realize is that, there is a big difference between insanity and mental illness (Pasewark 101). As a matter of fact, only some few mental illness constitute insanity. Insanity on the other hand is comprised of not only mental illnesses, but mental deficiencies as well. The two words are actually used in different disciplines of knowledge and it would therefore be wrong to equate them. Insanity is used in the legal arena and is therefore not a medical word. Problems therefore arise as experts try to apply a medical theory to a legal matter (Pasewark 104). Differing opinions from the psychiatric community as far as the sanity of one individual is concerned further subjects the concept to gross abuses (Manchester 112). Furthermore, the world is slowly giving in to corruption as a way of life and therefore the psychiatrists can be compromised to say that the defendant is insane. Money or lack of it can therefore play a very crucial role in the success or failure of an insanity defense. The determination of insanity is the preserve of court psychiatrists (Manchester 115). It’s important to realize that this determination can take dozens of sessions and even fail to come to a solid end as far as the mental condition of the defendant is concerned. This therefore ends up having a serious impact on the trial as well as its outcome. This results to big files of undecided cases and this waters down the credibility of the judicial system (Manchester 116). The determination largely involves behavior study. A defendant equipped with this kn owledge can decide to behave artificially so as to influence the outcome of the examination. This compromises the accuracy of the examination . No body puts the accuracy issue in a better word frame than Thomas Sowell in his book titled Insanity defense published in the year 1994, â€Å" psychiatrists and psychologists are often put in the same position as economists who are asked to predict things that no one is capable of predicting. Those with the honesty and realism to say they can’t do it are likely to be brushed aside†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Sowell 10). Psychiatrists also have a tendency of identifying with people in their social as well as economic class (Fass 125) . This is the lot they are likely to describe better. If the case is involving a defendant in a different social and economic class as the psychiatrist, then the psychiatrist is very likely to be oblivious of the defendant’s problems. This means that the jury handling the case would base its verdict on a poorly researched conclusion. Sowell, 1984 gives a case that illustrates this behavior of psychiatrists. A forensic psychologist is quoted as saying â€Å" I hate to say this, but I don’t like to work with poor people†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..They are talking about stuff that doesn’t interest me† ( Sowell 325). The fact that psychiatrists are also not required by the court to accompany their conclusion with some scientific backing makes the concept vulnerable to even more abuses. They do not even carry out an in-depth brain test to diagnose the patient. Psychiatrists arrive at their verdict via mere observance of the subject and then deciding based on their beliefs (Fass 126). If the case requires the services of forensic psychologists who are paid professionals, then accessibility problems set in especially if the defendant cannot afford the charges required (Fass 127). The concept is clearly a loophole used by defendants who conspire with rogue psychiatrists to get away with felonies and murder (Bonnie 85). A case in point that clearly illustrates this is the acquittal of the gentleman who attempted to assassinate President Rogan Reagan. This attempt was carried out in the full glare of the public and was captured in cameras. Hinckley earned an acquittal despite the evidence connecting him with the felony (Bonnie 87). This attempt brought up unprecedented public outcry. Psychiatrists involved in the case concluded that he made the attempt in an effort to impress Jodie Foster, an actress he had become obsessed with. The decision of the psychiatrists was based on observance as well as the upbringing of the suspect as opposed to scientific proves which would be more accurate and reliable (Bonnie 88). The fact that somebody for instance , masturbated for several years as an adolescence cannot be used to justify a felony of this degree. After a person is awarded acquittal courtesy of this plea, the law requires that such a person is taken to a mental institution where he/she is supposed to stay until a doctor proves that the person is no longer dangerous and therefore can coexist with others in the society (Manchester 121). A lawyer is also required to accent to this. The procedure of determining this is as untrustworthy and compromised as that of determining the insanity itself. For instance, Sowell, 1994 gives a case of one man by the name Kemper, E . E who earned acquittal after murdering his grant parents. This acquittal was based on the insanity plea. This man was therefore send to an hospital in accordance with the law. He spend about five years in the hospital after which he was dismissed after convincing psychiatrists and the judge that he was now cured and could coexist with others in the society. He did this by giving rational answers to the psychological test he was subjected to. Three years later, he fou nd himself behind bars again for killing eight women one of them being his mother. This casts a lot of doubt on the criteria used to discharge such subjects from hospital. This plea should therefore be abolished in favor of the â€Å" guilty but mentally ill â€Å" concept. In this case, the defendant would first be taken to hospital for psychotherapy and then once he/she is mentally fit, serve the remainder of the sentence in jail (Sowell 20) . Conclusion The paper has discussed the reasons as to why insanity plea should be eliminated from our judicial system. They have included: difficulties in determining mental illness, differing opinions from psychiatrists concerning the sanity of the same subject, use of money to compromise psychiatrist’s conclusion in favor of the defendant, long time involved in the examination of one subject by psychiatrists thereby resulting to a delayed justice, artificial and crazy behavior by the subject during examination so as to influence the outcome of the examination, lack of scientific as well as an in-depth brain test to diagnose the patient, high cost when a forensic psychologist is involved, and lack of a trustworthy criteria for discharging such subjects from hospital.    Works cited    Bonnie, R etal. â€Å"Decision Making in Criminal Defense: An Empirical Study of Insanity Pleas and the Impact of Doubted Client Competence† , Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 87, 1996. Fass, M. â€Å" A forensic Psychology Exercise: Role Playing and the Insanity Defense†, Teaching of Psychology, Vol. 26, 1999. Manchester, J. â€Å"Beyond Accommodation: Reconstructing the Insanity Defense to Provide an Adequate Remedy for Postpartum Psychotic Women†. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 93, 2003. Pasewark, A. A Review of Research on the Insanity Defense. Annals of the Academy of Political and Social Science. London: Oxford University Press, 1986 pp 100-104 Sowell, T. Insanity defense . London: Oxford University Press, 1994

Election of Barak Obama Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Election of Barak Obama - Essay Example Sen. Obama is for 'affordable, accessible health care for all Americans, builds on the existing health care system, and uses existing providers, doctors and plans to implement the plan'. Economy: He plans to simplify the tax code, so that it provides greater opportunity and relief to Americans, thus resulting in benefits to American workers and export potential of America. To assist in this venture, he plans to increase investments in infrastructure, energy independence, education, research and development. His contention is, while the wages are stagnant for the middle class, the tax cuts are being implemented only for the wealthy and not for providing any relief to the middle class. Foreign Wars: Iraq war epitomizes the differing foreign war policies of the Bush administration and that of opposition. Sen. Obama termed the very concept of Iraq war as wrong in 2002. His contention was, such an invasion would lead to occupation for undetermined length at undermined cost, with undetermined consequences. That's exactly what is happening in Iraq and Afghanistan. Sen. Obama plans to adopt a policy based on the bipartisan Iraq Study Group led by James Baker and Lee Hamilton. Energy Plan and the Environment: Sen. Obama has taken a lead in pushing ahead a comprehensive energy policy. Having found common ground on CAFE, renewable fuels, and clean coal, the duo of Obama-Biden plan to provide short-term relief to American families facing pain at the pump, put 1 million Plug-In Hybrid cars and ensure 10 percent of US electricity comes from renewable sources by 2012, and 25 percent by 2025, amongst many other initiatives. Illegal Immigration: Sen. Obama has been instrumental in crafting comprehensive immigration reforms in the country. As per the studies undertaken, since 2000 there has been an increase of about 40 percent in undocumented immigration in US. This proves not only a threat for safety and security of the country, but it also proves to be a big drain on the resources of the country. Sen. Obama's contention is, 'politicians have used the immigration issue to divide the country instead of finding a permanent solution'. This is resulted in an increase in cases of illegal immigration. Sen. Obama plans to have secure borders by working in close coordination with countries like Mexico, improving the immigration system remove the apparent incentives for entering illegally. The political impacts that might happen on the following three demographic groups are; Social: Though it might not be a big issue in the elections, but the fact that Sen. Obama is set to become the first black President of US. This is bound to translate in better social status for minorities. Endorsement of Sen. Obama by the erstwhile Bush Confident Collin Powell signifies the importance of this emerging social equation once the elections are over. Being a youthful president (certainly so, as compared to Sen. John McCain), Sen. Obama could prove to be a role model for the youth in the country. Having an unblemished record is bound to help the new incumbent to the top post in bringing about a harmonious social order in the country. If Obama is able to make it, he will be one of the youngest persons with the responsibility. The age factor has made him the favorite candidate for the top slot. Obama has also made it a point to see that the job losses experienced by the youth on account of

Qs need to be answers Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Qs need to be answers - Assignment Example The parents, with their experience and knowledge, will mostly make sound and good judgments about their children’s diet. However, I also believe that Ellen Satter should have urged Michelle Obama to help the impoverished families in obtaining the wherewithal and knowledge regarding healthy and balanced diets, and not just talk about the privileged or middle class families who have the capacity to include fruits and vegetables and other healthy, yet comparatively more expensive, food choices in their children’s diet. Q2. (a) I believe the concerns that have prompted organizations like â€Å"Concerned Children’s Advertisers† are very legitimate and real. We live in a society where most of the children are constantly bombarded by advertisements in various media; whether it is television programming, magazines for children or websites, children are always surrounded by various advertisements. It is our role, as a society, to make sure that our children have the knowledge and information to deal with these advertisements. If the children are not media literate, then a lot of the advertisements they see are taken by them at face value, and, consequently, as their minds are young and naà ¯ve, be influenced greatly by them. It is not enough to lay the blame on the advertisers, and it is naà ¯ve to expect them to change their policies regarding their advertisements that are aimed at children specifically. In consequence, it is actually very wise and prudent to take up the cause of educat ing the children, so that they themselves can discern the various nuances of the advertisement and make informed choices based on them. (b) After reading Advertising and Obesity: A Behavioral Perspective, I cannot help but agree with the assertion that it is not advertising alone that is to be blamed for obesity. Not only can advertising have minimal to no